Mu 1877, Fremi, katswiri wa zamankhwala wa ku France, adagwiritsa ntchito ufa wa alumina, potaziyamu carbonate, barium fluoride ndi potaziyamu bichromate pang'ono ngati zipangizo.Pambuyo pa masiku a 8 a kutentha kwakukulu kusungunuka mu crucible, makristasi ang'onoang'ono a ruby anapezedwa, omwe anali chiyambi cha ruby chopanga.
Mu 1900, asayansi adagwiritsa ntchito aluminium oxide atasungunuka pang'ono chromium oxide, Cr2O3, molingana ndi kulemera kwa 0. Ndi 7% njira yowonjezera, 2g ~ 4g rubies anapangidwa.Masiku ano, ma ruby ndi safiro akulu ngati magalamu 10 amatha kupangidwa.
Mu 1885, ku Geneva, Switzerland, kunapezeka miyala yamtengo wapatali yopangira miyala yamtengo wapatali.Akuti pali zidutswa za ruby zachilengedwe, kuphatikiza potassium dichromate yofiira ndi zina zomwe zimasungunuka kutentha kwambiri, komanso chilengedwe cha zinthu zachilengedwe.Komabe, anali katswiri wamankhwala wa ku France Verneuil amene anapangadi mwala wamtengo wapataliwo ndikuuika mukupanga kwakukulu.
Mu 1891, Verneuer anatulukira njira yosungunula malawi ndipo anaigwiritsa ntchito popanga miyala yamtengo wapatali.Atapambana, adayesa ndi alumina yoyera.Kuyesedwa kunachitika mu ng'anjo yotentha kwambiri ya Muffle yokhala ndi chitoliro chowombera cha hydrogen ndi mpweya.Ufa wabwino wa aluminiyamu woyera wokhala ndi chromium oxide pang'onopang'ono udatsitsidwa pang'onopang'ono mulawi lamoto ndikusungunuka, ndikudontha pansi kuti ufanane ndi kuyera.Pambuyo pa zaka khumi zogwira ntchito mwakhama.
Marubi ochita kupanga adapangidwa ndi Vernayet mu 1904, ndipo kuyambira pamenepo kusungunuka kwa malawi kwakhala kokwanira kuti apange ma rubi pafupifupi osadziwika bwino ndi zachilengedwe.Njirayi yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito mpaka masiku ano ndipo idakali njira yaikulu yopangira miyala yamtengo wapatali padziko lapansi, yotchedwa "Verneuil method".Tsopano zimangotenga maola angapo kuti apange ma carats opitilira 100 a miyala yaiwisi ya ruby, makristasi opangira ma corundum okhala ndi mawonekedwe a peyala kapena mawonekedwe a karoti, mawonekedwe oyera, kuwonekera kwamtundu kuposa zinthu zachilengedwe, komanso phindu lalikulu lazachuma.Njira yamakono ya Verneuil sikuti imangopanga ma ruby kuchokera ku pinki yowala mpaka yofiira kwambiri, komanso miyala ya safiro yamitundu yosiyanasiyana, ngakhale ruby ndi safiro okhala ndi kuwala kwa nyenyezi.Ndi chozizwitsa.
Nthawi yotumiza: Apr-11-2023